Wild Devil
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Bold, spicy, menacingly delicious HopDevil takes on an entirely new dimension when subjected to a wild yeast fermentation. A sharp, sourish edge has been added by this fermentations that plays into the caramel sweet malt deliciously and creates complex interplay with citrus accented hops.
Figure 4. Serum anti-devil facial tumor disease IgG antibody levels (MFIR) of Stony Head devils after their 1st and 2nd immunizations. Pre-immune MFIR for each devil is equal to 1 and is, therefore, not shown. MFIR, median fluorescence intensity ratio.
Figure 5. Serum anti-devil facial tumor disease (DFTD) IgG antibody levels [median fluorescence intensity ratio (MFIR)] of (A) Stony Head (SH) and Narawntapu National Park (NNP) devils 4 weeks post 1st immunization; (B) SH and NNP devils just at the end of their primary immunization courses.
Figure 6. Serum anti-devil facial tumor disease (DFTD) IgG antibody levels [median fluorescence intensity ratio (MFIR)] of (A) Narawntapu National Park (NNP) devils post release compared to their post booster response in September 2015; (B) Stony Head (SH) devils after their primary course compared to 5 months later; and (C) NNP and SH devils, 5 months after their primary immunization course, just prior to the booster administration.
Devil facial tumour disease (DFTD) is a recently emerged fatal transmissible cancer decimating the wild population of Tasmanian devils (Sarcophilus harrisii). Biting transmits the cancer cells and the tumour develops in the new host as an allograft. The literature reports that immune escape mechanisms employed by DFTD inevitably result in host death. Here we present the first evidence that DFTD regression can occur and that wild devils can mount an immune response against the disease. Of the 52 devils tested, six had serum antibodies against DFTD cells and, in one case, prominent T lymphocyte infiltration in its tumour. Notably, four of the six devils with serum antibody had histories of DFTD regression. The novel demonstration of an immune response against DFTD in wild Tasmanian devils suggests that a proportion of wild devils can produce a protective immune response against naturally acquired DFTD. This has implications for tumour-host coevolution and vaccine development.
Mammalian carnivores rely on their sharp teeth to effectively kill and consume prey. However, over time this causes wear and breakage that alters tooth shape, reducing their effectiveness. Extreme tooth wear and damage is especially prevalent in species that scavenge carcasses, like the Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii), which are well known for their voracious appetites and ability to consume almost all of a carcass, including bone. In this study, we comprehensively describe tooth wear in captive and wild devils to look for differences in the patterns and rate of wear between these environments. To do this we surveyed tooth condition in skulls from 182 wild and 114 captive devils for which age was estimated using canine over-eruption. We found the types of tooth wear documented were the same in captive and wild devils, but captive animals have less severe wear than wild devils of the same estimated age. There was no difference in the proportion of captive or wild individuals with broken canine or molar teeth; however, breakage occurred at a younger age in wild devils. Although not considered anomalous or harmful, this indicates a difference in the way teeth are being used and/or the foods consumed between captive and wild devils. We hypothesize how these results relate to differences in diet or behavior that may stem from their various feeding environments, for example, higher quality food (fresh, whole, and yet to be scavenged carcasses) provided to captive devils likely causes less wear. Further, we support management options that closely replicate wild diet items and behaviors suitable for a long-term insurance population.
N2 - Mammalian carnivores rely on their sharp teeth to effectively kill and consume prey. However, over time this causes wear and breakage that alters tooth shape, reducing their effectiveness. Extreme tooth wear and damage is especially prevalent in species that scavenge carcasses, like the Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii), which are well known for their voracious appetites and ability to consume almost all of a carcass, including bone. In this study, we comprehensively describe tooth wear in captive and wild devils to look for differences in the patterns and rate of wear between these environments. To do this we surveyed tooth condition in skulls from 182 wild and 114 captive devils for which age was estimated using canine over-eruption. We found the types of tooth wear documented were the same in captive and wild devils, but captive animals have less severe wear than wild devils of the same estimated age. There was no difference in the proportion of captive or wild individuals with broken canine or molar teeth; however, breakage occurred at a younger age in wild devils. Although not considered anomalous or harmful, this indicates a difference in the way teeth are being used and/or the foods consumed between captive and wild devils. We hypothesize how these results relate to differences in diet or behavior that may stem from their various feeding environments, for example, higher quality food (fresh, whole, and yet to be scavenged carcasses) provided to captive devils likely causes less wear. Further, we support management options that closely replicate wild diet items and behaviors suitable for a long-term insurance population.
AB - Mammalian carnivores rely on their sharp teeth to effectively kill and consume prey. However, over time this causes wear and breakage that alters tooth shape, reducing their effectiveness. Extreme tooth wear and damage is especially prevalent in species that scavenge carcasses, like the Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii), which are well known for their voracious appetites and ability to consume almost all of a carcass, including bone. In this study, we comprehensively describe tooth wear in captive and wild devils to look for differences in the patterns and rate of wear between these environments. To do this we surveyed tooth condition in skulls from 182 wild and 114 captive devils for which age was estimated using canine over-eruption. We found the types of tooth wear documented were the same in captive and wild devils, but captive animals have less severe wear than wild devils of the same estimated age. There was no difference in the proportion of captive or wild individuals with broken canine or molar teeth; however, breakage occurred at a younger age in wild devils. Although not considered anomalous or harmful, this indicates a difference in the way teeth are being used and/or the foods consumed between captive and wild devils. We hypothesize how these results relate to differences in diet or behavior that may stem from their various feeding environments, for example, higher quality food (fresh, whole, and yet to be scavenged carcasses) provided to captive devils likely causes less wear. Further, we support management options that closely replicate wild diet items and behaviors suitable for a long-term insurance population.
WASHINGTON, DC -Rep. Peter DeFazio and Sen. Ron Wyden today introduced three pieces of legislation to protect some of Oregon's most wild places; Devil's Staircase, Oregon Caves and the Lower Rogue River. DeFazio and Wyden have worked extensively on these important pieces of legislation with input from the public and private stakeholders.
The Devil's Staircase legislation designates approximately 29,650 acres of the Siuslaw National Forest as a wilderness area. The Oregon Caves bill adds approximately 4,070 acres to the Oregon Caves National Monument and the Lower Rogue Wild and Scenic bill designates 142.9 miles of 40 waterways as \"wild,\" \"scenic,\" or \"recreational\".
\"Our beautiful state has so many places that are worthy of congressional recognition. Devil's Staircase alone is a phenomenally beautiful and rugged area full of old growth and rare species such as the giant tree lizard, marbled murrelet, and spotted owl\" said Congressman DeFazio. \"I am thrilled to be able to work with Oregon's Senators to bring protection to some of Oregon's wildest and most beautiful treasures. From the tributaries of the Wild Rogue, to the Cave Creek watershed, to the stunning and remote Devil's Staircase, we have an historic opportunity to leave a natural legacy for future generations.\"
The legislation would protect the wilderness area situated between the Smith and Umpqua Rivers in the heart of Oregon's coastal rainforest. This measure will be vital to protecting some of the last old growth in Oregon's Coastal Range and the endangered species sustained by old growth forests.
The Devil's Staircase area was proposed for wilderness under the 1984 Oregon Wilderness Act by former Rep. Jim Weaver (D-OR), but was stripped out at the last minute for an area more imminently threatened.
The forest soils of the proposed wilderness area are classified as the most landslide-prone soil type in Oregon and among the most unstable in the world. In fact, unstable soils were so problematic that early efforts to log in the vicinity of Devil's Staircase that, in the 1970s, the U.S. Forest Service withdrew from timber management all land between the Smith and Umpqua rivers.
The wilderness includes Wasson Creek which supports native coho and chinook salmon, trout, and steelhead runs. Black bears, elk, deer, river otter, spotted owls, and marbled murrelets live as they have for thousands of years sequestered in this remnant of Oregon's coastal forest. With the highest density of northern spotted owls in the Coast Range, Wasson Creek is critical to the recovery of this threatened species. 781b155fdc